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Complexity theory emphasizes interactions and the accompanying feedback loops that constantly change systems. While it proposes that systems are unpredictable, they are also constrained by order-generating rules. [6]: 74 Complexity theory has been used in the fields of strategic management and organizational studies.
Continuous complexity theory can also refer to complexity theory of the use of analog computation, which uses continuous dynamical systems and differential equations. [18] Control theory can be considered a form of computation and differential equations are used in the modelling of continuous-time and hybrid discrete-continuous-time systems.
Examples of hard complexity theories include complex adaptive systems (CAS) and viability theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.
In algorithmic information theory, the Kolmogorov complexity (also called descriptive complexity, algorithmic complexity or algorithmic entropy) of a string is the length of the shortest binary program that outputs that string. Minimum message length is a practical application of this approach. Different kinds of Kolmogorov complexity are ...
Computational complexity theory, a field in theoretical computer science and mathematics; Complex systems theory, the study of the complexity in context of complex systems; Assembly theory, a way of characterizing extraterrestrial molecular complexity to assess the probability of the presence of life
In algorithmic information theory (a subfield of computer science and mathematics), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is the length of a shortest computer program (in a predetermined programming language) that produces the object as output.
The complexity of a problem is the complexity of the best algorithms that allow solving the problem. The study of the complexity of explicitly given algorithms is called analysis of algorithms, while the study of the complexity of problems is called computational complexity theory.
In computational complexity theory, co-NP is a complexity class.A decision problem X is a member of co-NP if and only if its complement X is in the complexity class NP.The class can be defined as follows: a decision problem is in co-NP if and only if for every no-instance we have a polynomial-length "certificate" and there is a polynomial-time algorithm that can be used to verify any purported ...