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Batak Karo has productive reduplication.Full reduplication occurs mainly with open word classes and exhibits a wide range of different functions. For instance, reduplication of nouns can signify plurality (tulan 'bone' → tulan-tulan 'bones') and imitation and similitude (berku 'coconut shell' → berku-berku 'skull').
A Mandailing script, pre-1800s. Mandailing Batak or Mandailing is an Austronesian language spoken in Sumatra, the northern island of Indonesia.It is spoken mainly in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Padang Lawas Regency, Padang Lawas Regency, and eastern parts of Labuhan Batu Regency, North Labuhan Batu Regency, South Labuhan Batu Regency and northwestern parts of Riau Province.
The distribution of Batak languages in northern Sumatra. Toba Batak is the majority language in the blue-colored areas labeled with its ISO 639-3 code "bbc". A Toba Batak speaker. Toba Batak (/ ˈ t oʊ b ə ˈ b æ t ə k / [2]) is an Austronesian language spoken in North Sumatra province in Indonesia. It is part of a group of languages called ...
The Batak lands consist of North Sumatra province, excluding Nias island, the historically Malay kingdoms of the east coast and the western coast of Minangkabau people. [36] In addition, part of the Karo lands extend into modern-day East Aceh Regency in Aceh province, while parts of the Mandailing lands lie in Rokan Hulu Regency in Riau .
Proto-Batak *k became h in initial and medial position in the Southern Batak languages: Proto-Batak *kalak > Toba, Simalungun halak; Karo kalak 'person' Proto-Batak *dukut > Toba, Simalungun duhut; Karo dukut 'grass' Proto-Batak *h was lost in Toba, Angkola and Mandailing: Proto-Batak *pərəh > Toba poro, Simalungun poroh, Karo pereh /pərəh ...
Medan Malay (referred to as cakap Melayu Medan lit. 'speak to Medan Malay' by its speakers) is a dialect (or also sociolect) of Malay language used by the multi-ethnic people of Medan City, especially Deli Malays ethnic. This dialect is derived from Deli Malay. This aspect is based on the many similarities in grammar and vocabulary with Deli ...
Simalungun, or Batak Simalungun, is an Austronesian language of Sumatra. It is spoken mainly in Simalungun Regency and Pematang Siantar , North Sumatra , Indonesia . Phonology
The Malay Chetty creole language (also known as Malaccan Creole Malay, Malacca Malay Creole [11] and Chitties/Chetties Malay) is a Malay-based creole spoken by the Chetties (also known as Indian Peranakans), a distinctive group of Tamil people found mainly in Malacca in Malaysia and Singapore, who have adopted Chinese and Malay cultural ...