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10 to 20% of patients treated for anal cancer will develop distant metastatic disease following treatment. [33] Metastatic or recurrent anal cancer is difficult to treat, and usually requires chemotherapy. Radiation is also employed to palliate specific locations of disease that may be causing symptoms.
A 2024 systematic review of the literature found that chemoradiation with 5-FU and mitomycin C, as used in the Nigro Protocol, improves outcomes like colostomy-free survival in anal cancer patients compared to alternatives like cisplatin. However, it can lead to more severe side effects, especially blood-related toxicity. [7]
A poorer prognosis is associated with large tumor size (greater than 10 cm), hypercalcaemia, and distante metastasis. [9] Early, incidental diagnosis of small anal sac masses may lead to a better prognosis with surgery alone (ongoing study).
Anal cancer may be a cause of constipation or tenesmus, or may be felt as a palpable mass, although it may occasionally present as an ulcerative form. [15]: 580 Anal cancer is investigated by biopsy and may be treated by surgery and radiotherapy, or with external beam radiotherapy and adjunctive chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate with ...
Rare, <1% of all female genital tract cancer, <5% of vulvar cancer [2] Bartholin gland carcinoma is a type of cancer of the vulva arising in the Bartholin gland . [ 2 ] It typically presents with a painless mass at one side of the vaginal opening in a female of middle-age and older, and can appear similar to a Bartholin cyst . [ 2 ]
Anal carcinoma is much less common than colorectal cancer. The most common form is squamous cell carcinoma, followed by adenocarcinoma and melanoma. [29] SCC usually occurs in the anal canal, and more rarely on the anal margin. Anal margin SCC presents as a lesion with rolled, everted edges and central ulceration. [27]
William Ernest Miles (1869–1947), an English surgeon first performed the surgery of removing the rectum in 1907. He assumed that the rectal cancer can spread in both upwards and downward directions, thus necessitating the removal of the entire rectum together with the anal sphincters, resulting in a permanent stoma by connecting the proximal end of the descending colon to the skin.
Likewise, older people with cancer fared better than adolescents and young adults in terms of 5-year survival for breast cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, and anal cancer. [16] To improve low survival rates for some adolescent and young adult cancers, researchers are studying distinct genetic and biologic features of cancer at different ages, differences ...
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