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Interactions can be direct when physical contact is established or indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources, territories, ecological services, metabolic waste, toxins or growth inhibitors. This type of relationship can be shown by net effect based on individual effects on both organisms arising out of relationship.
Its relationship with geometrical flattening is indirect and depends on the internal density distribution or, in simplest terms, the degree of central concentration of mass. The 1980 Geodetic Reference System ( GRS 80 ), adopted at the XVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics ( IUGG ), posited a 6,378,137 m ...
Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the center of the 'open' magnetic field lines which connect to the interplanetary magnetic field and provide a direct route for the solar wind to reach the ionosphere.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 January 2025. Acquisition of information at a significant distance from the subject Not to be confused with remote viewing. For other uses, see Remote sensing (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable ...
Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. [1] This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere , hydrosphere / cryosphere , atmosphere , and geosphere (or lithosphere ).
Ecology (from Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos) ' house ' and -λογία ' study of ') is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population , community , ecosystem , and biosphere levels.
Reconstructions of global temperature of the past 2000 years, using composite of different proxy methods. In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements [1] and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.
Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems, occurring when a trophic level in a food web is suppressed. For example, a top-down cascade will occur if predators are effective enough in predation to reduce the abundance, or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation (or herbivory if the intermediate ...