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The concept of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is used in financial economics and mathematical finance.The name derives from the price of an asset being computable by "discounting" the future cash flow ~ by the stochastic factor ~, and then taking the expectation. [1]
Social discount rate (SDR) is the discount rate used in computing the value of funds spent on social projects. Discount rates are used to put a present value on costs and benefits that will occur at a later date.
In finance, discounting is a mechanism in which a debtor obtains the right to delay payments to a creditor, for a defined period of time, in exchange for a charge or fee. [1]
Each cash inflow/outflow is discounted back to its present value (PV). Then all are summed such that NPV is the sum of all terms: = (+) where: t is the time of the cash flow; i is the discount rate, i.e. the return that could be earned per unit of time on an investment with similar risk
The World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS.The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM).
Isochrone maps have been used in transportation planning since at least 1887. [21] [22] Isochrone maps in the context of transport planning are essentially maps of accessibility where travel time is used as the cost metric.
It was established in 1913 by local industrialists and landowners, including by Witold Kukowski [], who became its CEO, principal shareholder and member of the supervisory board; Stefan Przanowski, who became its executive-chairman, principal shareholder and chairman of the supervisory board; and Emil Engwall, who became its principal shareholder, vice-chairman and its first capital investor.