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A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The Khilaafat (or Caliphate) was then contested and gave rise to the eventual division of the Islamic Umma into two groups, the Sunni and the Shi'a who interpret the word Khalifa in differently nuanced ways. The earliest Islamic uses include 'Khaleefa(ḥ)' in The Qur'an, 2:30, where God commands the angels to bow down to Adam) [1] with reverence.
From a historical point of view, an emirate is a political-religious unit smaller than a caliphate. [2] It can be considered equivalent to a principality in non-Muslim contexts. Currently in the world, there are two emirates that are independent states ( Kuwait and Qatar ), one state ruled by an unrecognised emirate ( Afghanistan ), and a state ...
'office of the caliphate') was the claim of the heads of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty, rulers of the Ottoman Empire, to be the caliphs of Islam in the late medieval and early modern era. Ottoman rulers first assumed the style of caliph in the 14th century, though did at that point not claim religious authority beyond their own borders.
Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", [1] and the state and territories ruled by a ...
After the Caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Hussein was proclaimed as Caliph. The accounts on the official date and proceedings vary, some place the beginning of the Caliphate on 3 March 1924, when Hussein would have declared himself Caliph at his son Abdullah's winter camp in Shunah, Transjordan. [30]
The Caliphate ended in a five-year period of internal strife. The title Rashidun comes from the deeply ingrained belief [3] in Sunni Islam that the caliphs were 'rightly guided' (the meaning of al-Rāshidūn; الراشدون), endowed with superior piety and wisdom, [4] and therefore constituted a religious model to be followed and emulated. [5]