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The European Heart Rhythm Association score of atrial fibrillation (or EHRA score) is a classification system for the extent of atrial fibrillation.It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity; the limitations/symptoms are in regard to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and/or angina.
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. [3] [12] It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. [14] Atrial fibrillation frequently results from bursts of tachycardia that originate in muscle bundles extending from the atrium to the pulmonary veins. [15]
Thus, the CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score is a refinement of CHADS 2 [8] [10] score and extends the latter by including additional common stroke risk factors, that is, age 65–74, female gender and vascular disease. [11] In the CHA 2 DS 2-VASc score, 'age 75 and above' also has extra weight, with 2 points.
The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) is a five-level emergency department triage algorithm, initially developed in 1998 by emergency physicians Richard Wurez and David Eitel. [1] It was previously maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) but is currently maintained by the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA).
Advanced cardiac life support, advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical guidelines established by the American Heart Association (AHA) for the urgent and emergent treatment of life-threatening cardiovascular conditions that will cause or have caused cardiac arrest, using advanced medical procedures, medications, and techniques.
Although it is not recognized as an inherited condition, Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in which an accessory conduction pathway bypassing the atrioventricular node is present and can cause abnormal conduction patterns leading to supraventricular tachycardia, pre-excited atrial fibrillation, and cardiac arrest. [31]
Defibrillation [21] — Defibrillation is the definitive treatment step for those cases of cardiac arrest that involve a shockable rhythm, or one correctable by defibrillation (pulseless unstable ventricular tachycardia, coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation; it will not work for asystole or pulseless electrical activity)
Synchronized electrical cardioversion is used to treat hemodynamically unstable supraventricular (or narrow complex) tachycardias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. It is also used in the emergent treatment of wide complex tachycardias, including ventricular tachycardia, when a pulse is present.
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