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The lists are commonly used in economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries. [1] [2] Fractionalization is the probability that two individuals drawn randomly from the country's groups are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is).
[1] [2] Different countries have different classifications and census options for race and ethnicity/nationality which are not comparable with data from other countries. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] In addition, many of the race and ethnicity concepts that appear on national censuses worldwide have their origins in Europe or in the views of Europeans , rather ...
The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population. [1] At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately. The most recent United States census recognized five racial categories (White, Black, Native American/Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander), as well as people who belong to two or more of the racial categories.
Under federal law, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, [41] the number of first-generation immigrants living in the United States has increased, [42] from 9.6 million in 1970 to about 38 million in 2007. [43] Around a million people legally immigrated to the United States per year in the 1990s, up from 250,000 per year in the 1950s. [44]
[37] [38] [39] The Census Bureau reports the number of people in the United States who reported "American" and no other ancestry increased from 12.4 million in 1990 to 20.2 million in 2000. [40] This increase represents the largest numerical growth of any ethnic group in the United States during the 1990s. [2]
These efforts aim to improve federal race and ethnicity statistics and ensure data more accurately reflect the racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population,” the agency said.
People have been enumerated by race in every United States census since the first one in 1790. [2] Collection of data on race and ethnicity in the United States census has changed over time, including addition of new enumeration categories and changes in definitions of those categories. [2] [3] [4]
In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management and Budget's Statistical Policy Directive No. 15 (Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting), a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive.