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Masculine performance varies over the life course, but also from one context to another. For instance, the sports world may elicit more traditionally normative masculinities in participants than would other settings. [59] Men who exhibit a tough and aggressive masculinity on the sports field may display a softer masculinity in familial contexts.
Female sports, expressing the concepts of femininity, are often characterised with flexibility and balance, such as gymnastics or aesthetic sports like dance. Conversely, male sports constitute the idea of masculinity, which is portrayed through strength, speed, aggression and power, such as in football and basketball. [187] [188] [189]
Gender-based characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity can become the deciding factor for individuals in terms of their potential sports participation, but can also affect organizing sporting bodies where this has been held as a justifiable dismissal of sports equity for female participants.
Portrayals of masculinity in men's lifestyle magazines have been studied and researchers found elements of hegemonic masculinity woven throughout them. [46] Commercial sports are a focus of media representations of masculinity, and the developing field of sports sociology found significant use of the concept of hegemonic masculinity. [47]
Femininity as a social construct relies on a binary gender system that treats men and masculinity as different from, and opposite to, women and femininity. [8] In patriarchal societies, including Western ones, conventional attitudes to femininity contribute to the subordination of women, as women are seen as more compliant, vulnerable, and less ...
Sandra Ruth Lipsitz Bem (June 22, 1944 – May 20, 2014) was an American psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies.Her pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization [1] [2] and gender stereotypes led directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.
Michael Alan Messner (born 1952) is an American sociologist.His main areas of research are gender (especially men's studies) and the sociology of sports.He is the author of several books, he gives public speeches and teaches on issues of gender-based violence, the lives of men and boys, and gender and sports.
Katz is a former high school football player [9] from Swampscott, Massachusetts. [10] The first man to minor in women's studies at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, [1] Katz holds a master's degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education, and a Ph.D. in cultural studies and education from UCLA, where he studied with Douglas Kellner. [11]