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The end year rate for 1998–99 pertain to March 26, 1999 of Deutsche Mark rate. Data from 1971 to 1991–92 are based on official exchange rates. Data from 1992 to 1993 onward are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates.
Indian rupees were stamped with Government of Pakistan to be used as legal tender in the new state of Pakistan in 1947. Main article: History of the rupee The word rūpiya is derived from the Sanskrit word rūpya , which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver", [ 3 ] in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of ...
These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g., the U.S. dollar, the euro, the pound sterling, the Japanese yen, the Swiss franc, the Indian rupees and the Chinese renminbi) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g., the local ...
Officially, the Indian rupee has a market-determined exchange rate. However, the Reserve Bank of India trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollar is a de facto controlled exchange rate.
In 1970, South Africa produced 995 tonnes or 32 million ounces of gold, two-thirds of the world's production of 47.5 million ounces. [2] Production figures are for primary mine production. In the US, for example, for the year 2011, secondary sources (new and old scrap) exceeded primary production. [3]
India was forced to sell dollars to the extent of close to US$35 billion in the spot markets in Financial Year 2009 due to 22% depreciation in rupee (against the dollar) in the same fiscal year 2009. In 2009, India purchased 200 tonnes of gold from the International Monetary Fund, worth US$6.7bn (€4.57bn, £4.10bn). [15]
The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistan's large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistan's central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the country's export competitiveness.
Pakistan has experienced an economic crisis as part of the 2022 political unrest. It has caused severe economic challenges for months due to which food, gas and oil prices have risen. As of 1 February 2025 Pakistan inflation rate recorded 2.4% lowest in 9 years. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused fuel prices to rise worldwide. Excessive ...