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The Google Books Ngram Viewer is an online search engine that charts the frequencies of any set of search strings using a yearly count of n -grams found in printed sources published between 1500 and 2022 [1][2][3][4] in Google 's text corpora in English, Chinese (simplified), French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Russian, or Spanish. [1][2][5] There ...
A word n-gram language model is a purely statistical model of language. It has been superseded by recurrent neural network –based models, which have been superseded by large language models. [1] It is based on an assumption that the probability of the next word in a sequence depends only on a fixed size window of previous words.
Kneser–Ney smoothing, also known as Kneser-Essen-Ney smoothing, is a method primarily used to calculate the probability distribution of n-grams in a document based on their histories. [1] It is widely considered the most effective method of smoothing due to its use of absolute discounting by subtracting a fixed value from the probability's ...
A language model is a probabilistic model of a natural language. [1] In 1980, the first significant statistical language model was proposed, and during the decade IBM performed ‘Shannon-style’ experiments, in which potential sources for language modeling improvement were identified by observing and analyzing the performance of human subjects in predicting or correcting text.
e. In natural language processing, a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that the words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. [1]
A major advantage of factored language models is that they allow users to specify linguistic knowledge such as the relationship between word tokens and Part of speech in English, or morphological information (stems, root, etc.) in Arabic. Like N-gram models, smoothing techniques are necessary in parameter estimation. In particular, generalized ...
Culturomics is a form of computational lexicology that studies human behavior and cultural trends through the quantitative analysis of digitized texts. [1][2] Researchers data mine large digital archives to investigate cultural phenomena reflected in language and word usage. [3] The term is an American neologism first described in a 2010 ...
The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) is a United States professional organization dedicated to "improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education. Since 1911, NCTE has provided a forum for the profession, an array of opportunities for teachers to continue their professional growth ...