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China and Great Britain: The Diplomacy of Commercial Relations, 1860–1864 (1974) Fairbank, John King. Trade and diplomacy on the China coast: The opening of the treaty ports, 1842-1854 (Harvard UP, 1953), a major scholarly study; online; Gerson, J.J. Horatio Nelson Lay and Sino-British relations. (Harvard University Press, 1972) Gregory, Jack S.
Following China's 2020 imposition of national security legislation on Hong Kong and a 2021 National People's Congress decision to approve a rework of local election laws that reduces the number of regional legislature seats elected by the public, the UK has declared China as being in a "state of ongoing non-compliance" with the Joint Declaration.
The Opium Wars (simplified Chinese: 鸦片战争; traditional Chinese: 鴉片戰爭; pinyin: Yāpiàn zhànzhēng) were two conflicts waged between China and Western powers during the mid-19th century. The First Opium War was fought from 1839 to 1842 between China and Britain.
China – the cake of Kings and Emperors cartoon showing Britain, Germany, Russia, France and Japan dividing China. The Treaty of Nanjing, concluded in 1842, granted the British government extra-territorial rights in China, which included mainly commercial rights for British companies and extra-territorial rights for British nationals in China. [4]
Gladstone was fiercely against both of the Opium Wars, was ardently opposed to the British trade in opium to China, and denounced British violence against Chinese. [46] Gladstone lambasted it as "Palmerston's Opium War" and said that he felt "in dread of the judgments of God upon England for our national iniquity towards China" in May 1840. [47]
Foreign concessions in China were a group of concessions that existed during late Imperial China and the Republic of China, which were governed and occupied by foreign powers, and are frequently associated with colonialism and imperialism. The concessions had extraterritoriality and were enclaves inside key cities that became treaty ports. All ...
China considered treaties about Hong Kong as unequal and ultimately refused to accept any outcome that would indicate permanent loss of sovereignty over Hong Kong's area, whatever wording the former treaties had. [34] During talks with Thatcher, China planned to seize Hong Kong if the negotiations set off unrest in the colony.
Hong Kong was a base for American-sponsored Taiwanese and anti-communist insurgents and terrorists operating in southern China in the 1950s and early 1960s. [37] [38] [39] The British claimed that increasing policing to control movement from Hong Kong to China was impractical, and that the mutual open border policy was responsible. [39]