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Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in any layer of the wall of the cervix. [2] It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that can invade or spread to other parts of the body. [12] Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. [2] Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse. [2]
The causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding vary by age, [4] and such bleeding can be a sign of specific medical conditions ranging from hormone imbalances or anovulation to malignancy (cervical cancer, vaginal cancer or uterine cancer). [2]
Cervical cancers can recur with symptoms of vaginal bleeding and/or discharge, pelvic pain, pain in the back and legs, leg swelling , chronic cough and weight loss. It can recur in the vagina, pelvis, lymph nodes, lung, or liver.
The bleeding can be from the uterus, cervix, vagina and other tissue or organs located near the vagina. [4] Postcoital bleeding can be one of the first indications of cervical cancer. [5] [6] There are other reasons why vaginal bleeding may occur after intercourse. Some women will bleed after intercourse for the first time but others will not.
The screening, which tests for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) - the virus that causes cervical cancer - is offered by the NHS to all women and people with a cervix aged between 25 and 64.
Even though it was once thought to no longer occur past the age of 30, it is still seen in the 40s and 50s. Some of the main signs and symptoms for clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina are spotting between menstrual cycles, bleeding post-menopause, abnormal bleeding, and malignant pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade. [4]
Other types of cancer include cervical cancer; bleeding in that case can sometimes be triggered by postcoital bleeding. Cancers of the vagina or fallopian tubes are rare causes of hemorrhage. Uterine fibroids represent a common, benign condition that may lead to bleeding, specifically if the lesion affects the uterine cavity.
Gynecologic cancer is a type of cancer that affects the female reproductive system, including ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, and vulvar cancer. Gynecological cancers comprise 10-15% of women's cancers, mainly affecting women past reproductive age but posing threats to fertility for younger patients. [ 1 ]