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[1] [4] Non-resolution of MRI abnormalities has been linked with poorer outcomes. [4] The presence of brain hemorrhage and cytotoxic edema (brain edema with concomittant brain tissue damage) is also associated with a poor prognosis. [2] If PRES was caused by pre-eclampsia or eclampsia the prognosis is better than in PRES due to other causes. [1 ...
Cluster headache is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye(s). [1] There is often accompanying eye watering, nasal congestion, or swelling around the eye on the affected side. [1] These symptoms typically last 15 minutes to 3 hours. [2]
In mild disease, patients present with eyelid retraction. In fact, upper eyelid retraction is the most common ocular sign of Graves' orbitopathy. This finding is associated with lid lag on infraduction (Von Graefe's sign), eye globe lag on supraduction (Kocher's sign), a widened palpebral fissure during fixation (Dalrymple's sign) and an incapacity of closing the eyelids completely ...
The pain is usually constant, described as aching or burning, and often affects both sides of the face (this is almost never the case in patients with trigeminal neuralgia). The pain frequently involves areas of the head, face, and neck that are outside the sensory territories that are supplied by the trigeminal nerve.
Most frequent are symptoms due to conjunctival or corneal irritation: burning, photophobia, tearing, pain, and a gritty or sandy sensation. [4] Protruding eyeballs (known as proptosis and exophthalmos). Diplopia (double vision) is common. [4] Limitation of eye movement (due to impairment of eye muscle function).
The prognosis of autonomic dysreflexia is generally good, given that the trigger is identified and managed. Attacks can be prevented by recognizing and avoiding triggering stimuli. Mortality is rare with AD, but morbidities such as stroke, retinal hemorrhage, and pulmonary edema if left untreated can be quite severe. [5]
Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukocencephalopathy and systemic manifestations (RVCL or RVCL-S, also previously known as retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy, RVCL; or cerebroretinal vasculopathy, CRV; or hereditary vascular retinopathy, HVR; or hereditary endotheliopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke, HERNS) is an inherited condition resulting from a frameshift ...
Patients typically present with pain associated with visual loss. [1] CRION is a clinical diagnosis of exclusion , and other demyelinating, autoimmune, and systemic causes should be ruled out. [ 3 ] An accurate antibody test which became available commercially in 2017 has allowed most patients previously diagnosed with CRION to be re-identified ...