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Ukrainian orthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. In the Ukrainian alphabet the "Ь" could also be the last letter in the alphabet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990).
Ukrainian scientists also took part in the development of the new alphabet and graphics. The first images of 32 letters of the new font, which still form the basis for Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian spelling, were printed in the city of Zhovkva near Lviv .
Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using another writing system. Rudnyckyj classified transliteration systems into scientific transliteration, used in academic and especially linguistic works, and practical systems, used in administration, journalism, in the postal system, in schools, etc. [1] Scientific transliteration, also called the scholarly system, is used ...
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Ukrainian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The Ukrainian alphabet displays the following features: Ve (В) represents /ʋ/ (which may be pronounced [w] in a word final position and before consonants). He (Г, г) represents a voiced glottal fricative, (/ɦ/), similar to the respective sound in Belarusian. Ge (Ґ, ґ) appears after He, represents /ɡ/. It looks like He with an "upturn ...
Ukrainian vowel chart, from Pompino-Marschall, Steriopolo & Żygis (2016:353) Ukrainian has the six monophthong phonemes shown below. /ɪ/ is a retracted close-mid front vowel [ ɪ̞ ] .
When more precision is required (typically not in running text), the soft sign, miakyi znak (Ь ь), can be explicitly represented by an apostrophe and the Ukrainian apostrophe, apostrof (’), by a double apostrophe (closing quotation marks). This is a wiki-modification based on other romanization systems, and not part of the standard.
This page describes how Ukrainian is romanized in Wikipedia. Ukrainian-language text is written in the Ukrainian alphabet , a variant of Cyrillic . To be accessible to the readers of English-language Wikipedia, it is usually romanized , or transliterated into the Roman alphabet.