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Jet fuel is a clear to straw-colored fuel, based on either an unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha–kerosene blend (Jet B). Similar to diesel fuel , it can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines .
Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. [1]
By 2019, fossil jet fuel production cost was $0.3-0.6 per L given a $50–100 crude oil barrel, while aviation biofuel production cost was $0.7-1.6, needing a $110–260 crude oil barrel to break-even. [19] As of 2020 aviation biofuel was more expensive than fossil jet kerosene, [1] considering aviation taxation and subsidies at that time. [72]
Specific energy is energy per unit mass, which is used to describe the chemical energy content of a fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per kilogram (J/kg) or equivalent units. [1] Energy density is the amount of chemical energy per unit volume of the fuel, expressed in SI units as joule per litre (J/L) or equivalent units. [2]
ρ ref is the known density (mass per unit volume) of the reference liquid (typically water). ρ new is the unknown density of the new (green) liquid. RD new/ref is the relative density of the new liquid with respect to the reference. V is the volume of reference liquid displaced, i.e. the red volume in the diagram. m is the mass of the entire ...
They are 25%-100% as sweet as sugar, found naturally in some foods like fruit and vegetables and contain fewer calories than sugar — 1.5-3 calories per gram, compared to 4 calories per gram for ...
The main petroleum component used in blending avgas is alkylate, which is a mixture of various isooctanes. Some refineries also use reformate.All grades of avgas that meet CAN 2–3 [further explanation needed], 25-M82 [further explanation needed] have a density of 6.01 pounds per US gallon (720 g/L) at 15 °C (59 °F).
Here’s how they shake out, organized from highest to lowest grams of sugar per cup: Caribou Coffee Pumpkin Latte : 52g total sugar Starbucks Pumpkin Spice Latte : 38g total sugar