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  2. Free-energy perturbation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-energy_perturbation

    Free-energy perturbation calculations only converge properly when the difference between the two states is small enough; therefore it is usually necessary to divide a perturbation into a series of smaller "windows", which are computed independently.

  3. Carmichael function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmichael_function

    The Carmichael lambda function of a prime power can be expressed in terms of the Euler totient. Any number that is not 1 or a prime power can be written uniquely as the product of distinct prime powers, in which case λ of the product is the least common multiple of the λ of the prime power factors.

  4. Goodman and Kruskal's lambda - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_and_Kruskal's_lambda

    Although Goodman and Kruskal's lambda is a simple way to assess the association between variables, it yields a value of 0 (no association) whenever two variables are in accord—that is, when the modal category is the same for all values of the independent variable, even if the modal frequencies or percentages vary. As an example, consider the ...

  5. List of open-source software for mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source...

    The primary difference between a computer algebra system and a traditional calculator is the ability to deal with equations symbolically rather than numerically. The precise uses and capabilities of these systems differ greatly from one system to another, yet their purpose remains the same: manipulation of symbolic equations.

  6. Lambda function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_function

    Dirichlet lambda function, λ(s) = (1 – 2 −s)ζ(s) where ζ is the Riemann zeta function; Liouville function, λ(n) = (–1) Ω(n) Von Mangoldt function, Λ(n) = log p if n is a positive power of the prime p; Modular lambda function, λ(τ), a highly symmetric holomorphic function on the complex upper half-plane

  7. Lambda calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus

    In fact computability can itself be defined via the lambda calculus: a function F: N → N of natural numbers is a computable function if and only if there exists a lambda expression f such that for every pair of x, y in N, F(x)=y if and only if f x = β y, where x and y are the Church numerals corresponding to x and y, respectively and = β ...

  8. Pollard's kangaroo algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollard's_kangaroo_algorithm

    In computational number theory and computational algebra, Pollard's kangaroo algorithm (also Pollard's lambda algorithm, see Naming below) is an algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem. The algorithm was introduced in 1978 by the number theorist John M. Pollard , in the same paper as his better-known Pollard's rho algorithm for ...

  9. Fixed-point combinator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_combinator

    A function's identity is based on its implementation. A lambda calculus function (or term) is an implementation of a mathematical function. In the lambda calculus there are a number of combinators (implementations) that satisfy the mathematical definition of a fixed-point combinator.