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Photons were detected 1.7 seconds after peak gravitational wave emission; assuming a delay of zero to 10 seconds, the difference between the speeds of gravitational and electromagnetic waves, v GW − v EM, is constrained to between −3 × 10 −15 and +7 × 10 −16 times the speed of light.
The speed, wavelength, and frequency of a gravitational wave are related by the equation c = λf, just like the equation for a light wave. For example, the animations shown here oscillate roughly once every two seconds.
is the gravitational constant, the speed of light in vacuum, and is the mass quadrupole moment. [ 1 ] It is useful to express the gravitational wave strain in the transverse traceless gauge, which is given by a similar formula where I i j T {\displaystyle I_{ij}^{T}} is the traceless part of the mass quadrupole moment .
The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit. [1] Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves (a type of surface wave), while gravity waves that are within the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are ...
Gravitational time dilation in the form of gravitational redshift has also been confirmed by the Pound–Rebka experiment and observations of the spectra of the white dwarf Sirius B. Gravitational time dilation has been measured in experiments with time signals sent to and from the Viking 1 Mars lander. [15] [16]
If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless because the gravitational force has a very long range, and appears to propagate at the speed of light. The graviton must be a spin -2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor , a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism 's spin-1 photon , the source of ...
As well as implying local energy–momentum conservation, the EFE reduce to Newton's law of gravitation in the limit of a weak gravitational field and velocities that are much less than the speed of light. [4] Exact solutions for the EFE can only be found under simplifying assumptions such as symmetry.
To first approximation, gravitational redshift is proportional to the difference in gravitational potential divided by the speed of light squared, = /, thus resulting in a very small effect. Light escaping from the surface of the Sun was predicted by Einstein in 1911 to be redshifted by roughly 2 ppm or 2 × 10 −6 . [ 9 ]