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Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira [8] that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. [8] Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). [5]
L. interrogans can also obtain iron from heme, which is bound to most of the iron in the human body. The HbpA hemin-binding protein, which may be involved in the uptake of hemin , has been identified on the surface of L. interrogans [ 35 ] Although other pathogenic species of Leptospira and L. biflexa lack HbpA, yet another hemin-binding ...
Leptospirosis is treated in humans by the antibiotics penicillin and doxycycline. [7] [8] L. interrogans has many properties that ensure its optimal survival in specific conditions, including two periplasmic flagella for movement and mobility. These flagella enable L. interrogans to more easily access and infect both human and mammalian tissues ...
The monocyte activation test (MAT) is another proposed method to test for endotoxins based on monocytes in human blood. It measures the release of cytokines from these due to the presence of pyrogens, basically mirroring the process by which these toxins cause fever in humans (and rabbits, as in the original pyrogen test). [15]
Leptospira biflexa are a species of genus Leptospira consisting of pathogenic and free living saprophytic bacterial species. L. biflexa is a free-living saprophytic spirochete that survives exclusively in external environments and was the first saprophytic Leptospira genome to be sequenced unveiling a total of 3,590 protein-coding genes distributed across three circular replicons. [2]
Leptospira noguchii is another pathogenic bacteria that causes Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis can be transferred in a multitude of ways. Leptospirosis can transfer from animals to humans , humans to humans, or animals to animals via intake of contaminated body fluids, such as urine and blood. [7]
Leptospira wolffii was first identified in Thailand from a patient's urine sample, who had contracted leptospirosis in 2008. [2] L.wolffii is classified as an intermediate Leptospira, along with L. inadai, L. fainei, L. broomii, and L. licerasiae, meaning it can be carried by a host asymptomatically or cause the disease leptospirosis. [5]
Conjunctival suffusion is an eye finding occurring early in leptospirosis, which is caused by Leptospira interrogans.Conjunctival suffusion is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva that resembles conjunctivitis, but it does not involve inflammatory exudates. [1]