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  2. Lime softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

    Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.

  3. Water softening - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

    Lime softening is the process in which lime is added to hard water to make it softer. It has several advantages [further explanation needed] over the ion-exchange method but is mainly suited to commercial treatment applications. [13]

  4. Thomas Clark (chemist) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clark_(chemist)

    He became known for the discovery of the phosphate of soda, and the process of lime softening of hard water the 'Clark process'. A Clark degree (°Clark) of water hardness is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO 3 per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water, equivalent to 14.254 ppm. and 10^5 parts of water

  5. Water treatment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment

    Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.

  6. Limescale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limescale

    Prevention of fouling by scale build-up relies on the technologies of water softening or other water treatment. This column in the Bad Münstereifel church in Germany is made from the calcium carbonate deposits that built up in the Roman Eifel Aqueduct over several centuries of use.

  7. Process flow diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_flow_diagram

    A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.

  8. Descaling agent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descaling_agent

    Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.

  9. Lime kiln - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_kiln

    A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce the form of lime called quicklime (calcium oxide). The chemical equation for this reaction is: CaCO 3 + heat → CaO + CO 2