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The musicologist Winton Dean has suggested that "music is probably the most difficult of the arts to criticise." [2] Unlike the plastic or literary arts, the 'language' of music does not specifically relate to human sensory experience – Dean's words, "the word 'love' is common coin in life and literature: the note C has nothing to do with breakfast or railway journeys or marital harmony."
Passacaglia – Musical form similar to a chaconne, consisting of variations over a ground bass. Passion – Musical setting of the Passion of Christ. Pastorale – Musical form depicting pastoral scenes, often characterized by a gentle, lyrical melody. Prelude – Short, improvisatory-style piece, often serving as an introduction to a longer ...
For these critics, language is formed through a series of utterances that reflect specific conditions and goals of certain linguistic aspects. These aspects include thematic content, style, and compositional structure which form speech genres. Speech genres are diverse because of the various possibilities of human activity.
As speech was taken as a model for music, composition and performance in the Baroque period were strongly influenced by rhetoric. According to what has become known as the theory of affect , a musician was expected to stir feelings in his audience in much the same way as an orator making a speech in accordance with the rules of classical rhetoric.
Analysis is an activity most often engaged in by musicologists and most often applied to western classical music, although music of non-western cultures and of unnotated oral traditions is also often analysed. An analysis can be conducted on a single piece of music, on a portion or element of a piece or on a collection of pieces.
In Western classical music, call and response is known as antiphony. The New Grove Dictionary defines antiphony as "music in which an ensemble is divided into distinct groups, used in opposition, often spatial, and using contrasts of volume, pitch, timbre, etc." [ 13 ] Early examples can be found in the music of Giovanni Gabrieli , one of the ...
In Schoenberg's view, "the sentence is a higher form of construction than the period. It not only makes a statement of an idea, but at once starts a kind of development". [3] Schoenberg's conception of the sentence has been widely adopted in music theory, and appears in many introductory music theory textbooks.
Performance on period instruments is a key aspect of HIP, such as this baroque orchestra (Photo: Josetxu Obregón and the Spanish ensemble La Ritirata, 2013).. Historically informed performance (also referred to as period performance, authentic performance, or HIP) is an approach to the performance of classical music which aims to be faithful to the approach, manner and style of the musical ...