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Modern-era (20th to 21st century) Islamic scholars include the following, referring to religious authorities whose publications or statements are accepted as pronouncements on religion by their respective communities and adherents. Geographical categories have been created based on commonalities in culture and across the Islamic World.
The ulama in the Ottoman Empire had a significant influence over politics due to the belief that secular institutions were all subordinate to Islamic law, the Sharia (Turkish: Şeriat). The ulama were responsible for interpreting the religious law, therefore they claimed that their power superseded that of the government. [51]
Orthodox ulama or "the religious establishment" found themselves in a difficult position during the wave of Islamic activism that swept through Egypt in the 1970s and 1980s. Most Ulama, including those of Al-Azhar University, are employees of the Egyptian state who "recognize the regime’s primacy, support its stability, and legitimize its ...
Sufism has been called the "default setting" of Muslim religious life in Egypt [80] [81] [82] where there are 74 Sufi orders (tarikas) [83] and an estimated 15 million practicing Sufis. [84] The number of salafis in Egypt has been estimated at 5-6 million. [85] Salafism has been described as the "most important" religious force in Egypt. [86]
Map of the Muslim world. Hanafi (light green) is the Sunni school predominant in Turkey, Central Asia, Bosnia, the Western Middle East, Western and Nile river region of Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and parts of Southeast Europe, India, China and Russia.
Some themes in modern Islamic thought include: The acknowledgement "with varying degrees of criticism or emulation", of the technological, scientific and legal achievements of the West; while at the same time objecting "to Western colonial exploitation of Muslim countries and the imposition of Western secular values" and aiming to develop a modern and dynamic understanding of science among ...
Islam has been the state religion in Egypt since the amendment of the second article of the Egyptian constitution in the year 1980, before which Egypt was recognized as a secular country. The vast majority of Egyptian Muslims are Sunni, with a small Mu'tazila , Shia Twelvers and the Shia Ismaili communities making up the remainder. [ 65 ]
He is a conservative Iranian politician and one of the prominent Islamic scholars of the Hawza (seminary) in Qom. [121] Ahmad Milad Karimi, Afghan philosopher of religion and professor of Islamic Philosophy at the University of Münster in Germany. Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi, Grand Ayatollah is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric. Advocate of ...