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In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies ...
Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
Each day, radio signals from key communications and navigation satellites travel freely through a layer of Earth’s atmosphere known as the ionosphere. Floating 50 to 400 miles (80 to 643 ...
the day Strength above ISR Equatorial Electrojet: EEJ 95-110 90-130 Daytime Nighttime: 30-60 20-50 150 km echoes 150 km 130-170 Daytime: 10-30 Neutral atmosphere: MST 0.2-85 All day 30-50 Meteor-head Head 85-130 All day 20-40 Non-specular meteor: Non-specular 95-115 All day 20-50 Specular meteor: Specular 80-120 All day 30-60
The variation in temperature that occurs from the highs of the day to the cool of nights is called diurnal temperature variation. Temperature ranges can also be based on periods of a month or a year. The size of ground-level atmospheric temperature ranges depends on several factors, such as: Average air temperature; Average humidity
The thermosphere extends from an altitude of 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater ...
The F 2 layer is the principal reflecting layer for HF radio communications during both day and night. The horizon-limited distance for one-hop F 2 propagation is usually around 4,000 km (2,500 miles). The F 2 layer has about 10 6 e/cm 3. However, variations are usually large, irregular, and particularly pronounced during magnetic storms.
Planetary aeronomy studies the regions of the atmospheres of other planets [5] that correspond to the Earth's mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, and ionosphere. [6] In some cases, a planet's entire atmosphere may consist only of what on Earth constitutes the upper atmosphere, or only a portion of it.