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Bacterial growth curve\Kinetic Curve. In autecological studies, the growth of bacteria (or other microorganisms, as protozoa, microalgae or yeasts) in batch culture can be modeled with four different phases: lag phase (A), log phase or exponential phase (B), stationary phase (C), and death phase (D). [3]
Figure 1: A bi-phasic bacterial growth curve.. A growth curve is an empirical model of the evolution of a quantity over time. Growth curves are widely used in biology for quantities such as population size or biomass (in population ecology and demography, for population growth analysis), individual body height or biomass (in physiology, for growth analysis of individuals).
Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. [84] For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. [85]
The Monod equation is a mathematical model for the growth of microorganisms. It is named for Jacques Monod (1910–1976, a French biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965), who proposed using an equation of this form to relate microbial growth rates in an aqueous environment to the concentration of a limiting nutrient.
Some common examples of secondary metabolites include: ergot alkaloids, antibiotics, naphthalenes, nucleosides, phenazines, quinolines, terpenoids, peptides and growth factors. Plant growth regulators may be classified as both primary and secondary metabolites due to their role in plant growth and development.
β-Lactam antibiotics are indicated for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. At first, β-lactam antibiotics were mainly active only against gram-positive bacteria, yet the recent development of broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics active against various gram-negative organisms has increased their usefulness.
In clinical medicine, antibiotics are most frequently prescribed on the basis of a person's symptoms and medical guidelines.This method of antibiotic selection is called empiric therapy, [1] and it is based on knowledge about what bacteria cause an infection, and to what antibiotics bacteria may be sensitive or resistant. [1]
Therefore, an antibiotic with PAE would require less frequent administration and it could improve patient adherence with regard to pharmacotherapy. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Proposed mechanisms include (1) slow recovery after reversible nonlethal damage to cell structures; (2) persistence of the drug at a binding site or within the periplasmic space ; and (3 ...