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The Common Core State Standards Initiative, also known as simply Common Core, was an American, multi-state educational initiative begun in 2010 with the goal of increasing consistency across state standards, or what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade.
However, with the adoption of the Common Core Standards in most states and the District of Columbia beginning in 2010, mathematics content across the country has moved into closer agreement for each grade level. The SAT, a standardized university entrance exam, has been reformed to better reflect the contents of the Common Core. [1]
A multivector that is the exterior product of linearly independent vectors is called a blade, and is said to be of grade . [f] A multivector that is the sum of blades of grade is called a (homogeneous) multivector of grade . From the axioms, with closure, every multivector of the geometric algebra is a sum of blades.
In mathematics, an algebraic structure or algebraic system [1] consists of a nonempty set A (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on A (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of identities (known as axioms) that these operations must satisfy.
One may thus replace the field of scalars by a ring R, and this gives the structure called a module over R, or R-module. The concepts of linear independence, span, basis, and linear maps (also called module homomorphisms ) are defined for modules exactly as for vector spaces, with the essential difference that, if R is not a field, there are ...
Given an ideal I in a commutative ring R and an R-module M, the direct sum = / + is a graded module over the associated graded ring / +. A morphism f : N → M {\displaystyle f:N\to M} of graded modules, called a graded morphism or graded homomorphism , is a homomorphism of the underlying modules that respects grading; i.e., f ( N i ) ⊆ M ...
A module is called flat if taking the tensor product of it with any exact sequence of R-modules preserves exactness. Torsionless A module is called torsionless if it embeds into its algebraic dual. Simple A simple module S is a module that is not {0} and whose only submodules are {0} and S. Simple modules are sometimes called irreducible. [5 ...
This famous incidence geometry was developed by the Italian mathematician Gino Fano. In his work [ 9 ] on proving the independence of the set of axioms for projective n -space that he developed, [ 10 ] he produced a finite three-dimensional space with 15 points, 35 lines and 15 planes, in which each line had only three points on it. [ 11 ]