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Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare. With multiple price and/or income changes, however, consumer surplus cannot be used to approximate economic welfare because it is not single-valued anymore.
A good's price elasticity of demand (, PED) is a measure of how sensitive the quantity demanded is to its price. When the price rises, quantity demanded falls for almost any good (law of demand), but it falls more for some than for others. The price elasticity gives the percentage change in quantity demanded when there is a one percent increase ...
The concepts are related but different. For example, imposing a $1,000-per-gallon milk tax will raise no revenue (because legal milk production will stop), but this tax will cause substantial economic harm (lost consumer surplus and lost producer surplus). When examining tax incidence, it is the lost consumer and producer surplus that is important.
Hence, the utility is held constant along the demand curve. When the marginal utility of income is constant, or its value is the same across individuals within a market demand curve, generating net benefits of purchased units, or consumer surplus is possible through adding up of demand prices.
An understanding of elasticity is also important when discussing welfare distribution, in particular consumer surplus, producer surplus, or government surplus. [5] Elasticity is present throughout many economic theories, with the concept of elasticity appearing in several main indicators.
The maximization of producer surplus can in some cases reduce consumer surplus. [15] Some forms of producer profit maximization are considered anti-competitive practices and are regulated by competition law. [15] Maximization of short-term producer profit can reduce long-term producer profit, which can be exploited by predatory pricing such as ...
A horizontal demand curve is perfectly elastic. If there are n identical firms in the market then the elasticity of demand PED facing any one firm is PED mi = nPED m - (n - 1) PES. where PED m is the market elasticity of demand, PES is the elasticity of supply of each of the other firms, and (n -1) is the number of other firms. This formula ...
Consumer surplus is the difference between the value of a good to a consumer and the price the consumer must pay in the market to purchase it. [47] Price discrimination is not limited to monopolies. Market power is a company's ability to increase prices without losing all its customers.