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Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin. [52] Soluble fluoride salts, of which sodium fluoride is the most common, are toxic, and have resulted in both accidental and self-inflicted deaths from acute poisoning. [4]
In 2011, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lowered the recommended level of fluoride to 0.7 mg/L. [51] In 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), based on the recommendation of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) for fluoridation of community water systems ...
The fluoride ion is readily absorbed by the stomach and intestines. Ingested fluoride forms hydrofluoric acid in the stomach. In this form, fluoride crosses cell membranes and then binds with calcium and interferes with various enzymes. Fluoride is excreted through urine. Fluoride exposure limits are based on urine testing, which is used to ...
The same was true for fluoride levels of less than 1.5 mg/L, which is the upper safe limit of fluoride in drinking water as established by the World Health Organization.
Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF 2. It belongs to the halide minerals . It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit , although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.
Food, fluoride and funding: How a new Trump term might affect health in California Karen Kaplan, Corinne Purtill, Emily Alpert Reyes November 8, 2024 at 3:00 AM
Since 2010, more than 150 towns or counties throughout the country have voted to keep fluoride out of public water systems or to stop adding it, according to the Fluoride Action Network, an anti ...
Soluble fluorides are moderately toxic: 5–10 g sodium fluoride, or 32–64 mg fluoride ions per kilogram of body mass, represents a lethal dose for adults. [273] One-fifth of the lethal dose can cause adverse health effects, [ 274 ] and chronic excess consumption may lead to skeletal fluorosis , which affects millions in Asia and Africa, and ...