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A hematoma is benign and is initially in liquid form spread among the tissues including in sacs between tissues where it may coagulate and solidify before blood is reabsorbed into blood vessels. An ecchymosis is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10 mm. [2]
A subconjunctival hemorrhage can often occur without any obvious cause or harm to the eye. A strong enough sneeze or cough can cause a blood vessel in the eye to burst. Hyphema is a result of blunt or penetrating trauma to the orbit that increases intraocular pressure, causing tears in the vessels of the ciliary body and iris.
SDH can be treated with burr hole drainage, craniotomy or port system placement for blood clot evacuation, or middle meningeal artery embolisation. [4] Subdural hematoma maybe less acute than epidural hematoma due to slower blood accumulation, but it still has the potential to cause brain herniation that may require surgical evacuation. [3]
The exact mechanism for the formation of hematoma from nasal trauma is controversial, but thought to occur in nasal septal hematomas when there is forced to the nasal cartilage. The force causes the perichondrial blood vessels to leak and rupture in the nasal septum. [7] The cartilage in the septum is avascular and can be 2–4 mm thick.
Subconjunctival bleeding, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage or subconjunctival haemorrhage, is bleeding from a small blood vessel over the whites of the eye. It results in a red spot in the white of the eye. [1] There is generally little to no pain and vision is not affected. [2] [3] Generally only one eye is affected. [2]
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy may cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage even in patients without elevated blood pressure. Unlike hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy does not typically affect blood vessels to deep brain structures. Instead, it is most commonly associated with hemorrhage of small vessels in the cerebral cortex. [2]
Skull x-ray or CT scanning is used if neurological symptoms appear. These measurements are also used if concomitant depressed skull fracture is a possibility. Usual management is mainly observation. Phototherapy may be necessary if blood accumulation is significant leading to jaundice. Rarely, anaemia can develop needing blood transfusion.
The lack of blood flow results in cell death and subsequent breakdown of the blood vessel walls, leading to bleeding. While this bleeding can result in further injury, it is itself a marker for injury that has already occurred. Most intraventricular hemorrhages occur in the first 72 hours after birth. [9]