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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    In statistics terms, the make of the truck is the independent variable, the fuel economy (MPG) is the dependent variable and the amount of city driving is the confounding variable. To fix this study, we have several choices. One is to randomize the truck assignments so that A trucks and B Trucks end up with equal amounts of city and highway ...

  3. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    Instead, they must control for variables using statistics. Observational studies are used when controlled experiments may be unethical or impractical. For instance, if a researcher wished to study the effect of unemployment ( the independent variable ) on health ( the dependent variable ), it would be considered unethical by institutional ...

  4. Cohort study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study

    A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.

  5. Statistical assumption - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_assumption

    Scenario: Imagine a study assessing the effectiveness of a new teaching method in multiple classrooms. If the classrooms are not treated as independent entities, but rather as a single unit, the assumption of independence is violated.

  6. Simpson's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox

    Simpson's paradox is a phenomenon in probability and statistics in which a trend appears in several groups of data but disappears or reverses when the groups are combined. This result is often encountered in social-science and medical-science statistics, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and is particularly problematic when frequency data are unduly given ...

  7. Glossary of probability and statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_probability...

    Also confidence coefficient. A number indicating the probability that the confidence interval (range) captures the true population mean. For example, a confidence interval with a 95% confidence level has a 95% chance of capturing the population mean. Technically, this means that, if the experiment were repeated many times, 95% of the CIs computed at this level would contain the true population ...

  8. England’s inconsistent year reveals true potential of their ...

    www.aol.com/news/england-inconsistent-reveals...

    After winning the toss and electing to bowl, they had England 21-3 and on the ropes, before a Harry Brook century lifted England to 280. But New Zealand were still set up to finish day one in a ...

  9. Endogeneity (econometrics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeneity_(econometrics)

    The endogeneity problem is particularly relevant in the context of time series analysis of causal processes. It is common for some factors within a causal system to be dependent for their value in period t on the values of other factors in the causal system in period t − 1.

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