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The use of preparations similar to opium in surgery is recorded in the Ebers Papyrus, an Egyptian medical papyrus written in the Eighteenth Dynasty. [43] [45] [48] However, it is questionable whether opium itself was known in ancient Egypt. [49] The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were often depicted holding poppies ...
Examples of preanesthetic agents are: Acepromazine [1]; atropine [1]; diazepam [1]; Scopolamine; Opioid analgesics, such as morphine, pethidine and buprenorphine.; These drugs are used before the administration of an anesthetic to improve patient comfort, reduce possible side effects such as Postanesthetic shivering, relieve pain, and increase the effectiveness of the anesthetic.
The first known physician in China to describe the use anesthesia for patients undergoing surgery was the Eastern Han physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), who utilized his knowledge of Chinese herbology based in the Huangdi neijing to create an ointment that healed surgical wounds within a month. [13]
General anesthesia is usually considered safe; however, there are reported cases of patients with distortion of taste and/or smell due to local anesthetics, stroke, nerve damage, or as a side effect of general anesthesia. [46] [47] At the end of surgery, administration of anaesthetic agents is discontinued.
The purpose of anesthesia can be distilled down to three basic goals or endpoints: [2]: 236 hypnosis (a temporary loss of consciousness and with it a loss of memory.In a pharmacological context, the word hypnosis usually has this technical meaning, in contrast to its more familiar lay or psychological meaning of an altered state of consciousness not necessarily caused by drugs—see hypnosis).
Benzodiazepines can be used for sedation before or after surgery and can be used to induce and maintain general anesthesia. [11] When benzodiazepines are used to induce general anesthesia, midazolam is preferred. [11] Benzodiazepines are also used for sedation during procedures that do not require general anesthesia. [11]
That complication is why patients need to fast before surgery. "It's a major concern for us," he said. The guidance involved a relatively new class of drugs known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 ...
1827 – 1912 – Joseph Lister antiseptic surgery [36] [59] [97] Father of modern surgery [98] 1818 – James Blundell performs the first successful human transfusion. 1842 – Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with ether. 1845 – John Hughes Bennett first describes leukemia as a blood disorder.