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Iron and copper working spread southward through the continent, reaching the Cape around AD 200. [6] [7] The widespread use of iron revolutionized the Bantu-speaking farming communities who adopted it, driving out and absorbing the rock tool using hunter-gatherer societies they encountered as they expanded to farm wider areas of savanna. The ...
Peter John Reynolds (11 June 1939 – 26 September 2001) was a British archaeologist known for his research in experimental archaeology and the British Iron Age.His work as the first director of Butser Ancient Farm, a working replica of an Iron Age farmstead in Hampshire, made a significant contribution to our understanding of the Iron Age, and to the field of experimental archaeology.
A statue based upon British Iron Age examples. Peter Reynolds of Butser Ancient Farm was instrumental in the creation and development of experimental archaeology as a discipline, and experimental work has been carried out at Butser Ancient Farm since the site’s inception in 1972. Until his death in 2001, the research work of the farm focused ...
Iron was first brought to Japan during the earlier Yayoi period (900 BCE to 248 CE). Iron artifacts of the period include farm implements, arrowheads, and rarely a knife blade. An ironworking industry likely evolved during the late Yayoi or the Kofun period, when iron weapons and armor became more common
An iron plantation in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site a living history museum in Elverson, Pennsylvania. Iron plantations were rural localities emergent in the late-18th century and predominant in the early-19th century that specialized in the production of pig iron and bar iron from crude iron ore. [1]
In China, blast furnaces produced cast iron, which was then either converted into finished implements in a cupola furnace, or turned into wrought iron in a fining hearth. [34] If iron ores are heated with carbon to 1420–1470 K, a molten liquid is formed, an alloy of about 96.5% iron and 3.5% carbon.
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In Cornwall, [1] parts of Devon, and south Wales, enclosed settlements share many characteristics with their Irish counterparts, [6] including the circular shape and souterrains (), and their continuing occupation from the Iron Age into the early medieval period; the form later influencing the distinctive circular shell-keeps found across the medieval Severnside region. [7]