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Islamic ethics (Arabic: أخلاق إسلامية) is the "philosophical reflection upon moral conduct" with a view to defining "good character" and attaining the "pleasure of God" (raza-e Ilahi). [1] [2] It is distinguished from "Islamic morality", which pertains to "specific norms or codes of behavior". [1]
Terms associated with right-doing in Islam include: Akhlaq (Arabic: أخلاق) is the practice of virtue, morality and manners in Islamic theology and falsafah ().The science of ethics (`Ilm al-Akhlaq) teaches that through practice and conscious effort man can surpass their natural dispositions and natural state to become more ethical and well mannered.
Contemporary Islamic philosophy revives some of the trends of medieval Islamic philosophy, notably the tension between Mutazilite and Asharite views of ethics in science and law, and the duty of Muslims and role of Islam in the sociology of knowledge and in forming ethical codes and legal codes, especially the fiqh (or "jurisprudence") and rules of jihad (or "just war").
In today's religious expression, maʿrūf is best translated as sunnah [14] [15] and munkar as bid’a. (a related topic: Istihsan ) Depending on the translation from the Quran, the phrase may also be translated as commanding what is just and forbidding what is evil , [ 3 ] commanding right and forbidding wrong , [ 16 ] and other combinations ...
One definition sees morality as an active process which is, "at the very least, the effort to guide one's conduct by reason, that is, doing what there are the best reasons for doing, while giving equal consideration to the interests of all those affected by what one does." [7] [page needed]
To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence. [44] Muhammad said, "The best among you are those who have the best manners and character". [46] To the Muslims, the examples of moral virtues set by Muhammad and his companions serve as guidance both practically and theologically.
The Quran forbids the taking of life without due process of the law, and it also obligates Muslims to provide for those who cannot provide for themselves. [14] The right to life is conferred by the Quran even on one's enemy during the war as Muslims are forbidden from using force except in self-defense. [15]
A number of different words for sin are used in the Islamic tradition. According to A. J. Wensinck's entry on the topic in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Islamic terms for sin include dhanb and khaṭīʾa, which are synonymous and refer to intentional sins; khiṭʾ, which means simply a sin; and ithm, which is used for grave sins.