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Cocoa powder is the powdered form of the dry solids with a small remaining amount of cocoa butter. Untreated cocoa powder is bitter and acidic. Dutch process cocoa has been treated with an alkali to neutralize the acid. Cocoa powder contains flavanols, amounts of which are reduced if the cocoa is subjected to acid-reducing alkalization. [1]
Dutch processed cocoa has a neutral pH, and is not acidic like natural cocoa, so in recipes that use sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) as the leavening agent (which relies on the acidity of the cocoa to activate it), an acid must be added to the recipe, such as cream of tartar or the use of buttermilk instead of fresh milk.
The nibs are ground to the point cocoa butter is released from the cells of the bean and melted, which turns cocoa into a paste and then into a free-flowing liquid. [2] The liquor is either separated into (non-fat) cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks, which can be used as unsweetened baking chocolate.
The resulting consumer product was introduced in 1961 as the first powdered hot cocoa mix that could be prepared with water instead of milk. [1] [5] In 1967, the brand was sold to Beatrice Foods, which was later acquired by ConAgra. As of 2019, it had estimated annual sales of 50 million boxes of cocoa mix. [1]
Natra is also the main cocoa bean processor in Spain, responsible for 40% of cocoa grinding. Through its Ingredients division, the company provides cocoa derivatives (mainly cocoa butter, cocoa powder and chocolate coatings) for the international food industry. Around 75% of the company’s turnover is generated outside Spain.
According to a 15-month temporary marketing permit granted by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States in 2019, ruby chocolate is defined as "the solid or semiplastic food prepared by mixing and grinding cacao fat with one or more of the cacao ingredients (namely, chocolate liquor, breakfast cocoa, cocoa and lowfat cocoa), citric ...
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One study showed the mean lead level in milk chocolate candy bars was 0.027 μg lead per gram of candy; [85] another study found that some chocolate purchased at U.S. supermarkets contained up to 0.965 μg per gram, close to the international (voluntary) standard limit for lead in cocoa powder or beans, which is 1 μg of lead per gram. [86]