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Another type of tunnel diode is a metal-insulator-insulator-metal (MIIM) diode, where an additional insulator layer allows "step tunneling" for more precise control of the diode. [11] There is also a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diode, but due to inherent sensitivities, its present application appears to be limited to research environments.
A resonant-tunneling diode (RTD) is a diode with a resonant-tunneling structure in which electrons can tunnel through some resonant states at certain energy levels. The current–voltage characteristic often exhibits negative differential resistance regions. All types of tunneling diodes make use of quantum mechanical tunneling. Characteristic ...
The tunnel diode circuit (see diagram) is an example. [82] The tunnel diode TD has voltage controlled negative differential resistance. [54] The battery adds a constant voltage (bias) across the diode so it operates in its negative resistance range, and provides power to amplify the signal.
Tunneling applications include the tunnel diode, [5] quantum computing, flash memory, and the scanning tunneling microscope. Tunneling limits the minimum size of devices used in microelectronics because electrons tunnel readily through insulating layers and transistors that are thinner than about 1 nm. [6]
Scanning tunneling microscope tip/air/substrate structure can be also viewed as a tunnel junction. Some research has been done with STM tips concerning ferroelectricity, in controlling the domain switching with an STM tip. [6] This is not a ferroelectric tunnel junction since the ferroelectric material does not function as the potential barrier.
During the 1960s the use of tunnel diodes in logic circuits was an active research topic. When compared to transistor logic gates of the time, the tunnel diode offered much higher speeds. Unlike other diode types, the tunnel diode offered the possibility of amplification of signals at each stage.
English: Graph of the load line of simple tunnel diode amplifier circuit (Tunnel diode amplifier.svg) showing how it amplifies a signal.The current from the bias battery V b biases the diode into the center of its curve (black), where it has a negative differential resistance of r (red).
In semiconductor devices, a backward diode (also called back diode [2]) is a variation on a Zener diode or tunnel diode having a better conduction for small reverse biases (for example –0.1 to –0.6 V) than for forward bias voltages. The reverse current in such a diode is by tunneling, which is also known as the tunnel effect. [3] [4] [5]