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The Constitution of the United States was ratified by nine of the thirteen states on June 21, 1788, after being drafted by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. It established a federal presidential republic with a bicameral legislature, a judiciary, and a system of federalism.
Learn about the body of law governing the interpretation and implementation of the U.S. Constitution, and the role of the Supreme Court in judicial review. Explore the principles, doctrines, and theories of constitutional law, and the federalism system of dividing power between federal and state governments.
The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, is a clause in the US Constitution that grants implied powers to Congress. It was used to justify the creation of a national bank and other federal laws, and was interpreted by the Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland.
Learn about the history and interpretation of the Eighth Amendment, which protects against excessive bail, fines, and punishments. Find out how the amendment applies to federal and state governments, and what kinds of punishments are prohibited or permitted.
Constitutional law is the body of law that defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, as well as the basic rights of citizens. It also deals with the principles by which the government exercises its authority, the relationship between different levels of government, and the rule of law.
Learn how the Bill of Rights has been made applicable to the states by the doctrine of incorporation via the Fourteenth Amendment. Explore the history, background, and cases of incorporation of various rights and protections in the U.S. constitutional law.
Learn about the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that defined the scope of Congress's implied powers and the supremacy of federal law over state law. Find out the background, the decision, and the impact of McCulloch v. Maryland on constitutional law and American history.
Learn how the First Amendment protects freedom of the press in the U.S. Constitution and how it has been interpreted and applied in various historical and legal contexts. Explore the cases, laws, and principles that shape the right to publish and communicate information, ideas, and opinions.