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  2. Rare Earth hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis

    In 2013, astronomers using the Kepler space telescope's data estimated that about one-fifth of G-type and K-type stars (sun-like stars and orange dwarfs) are expected to have an Earth-sized or super-Earth-sized planet (1–2 Earths wide) close to an Earth-like orbit (0.25–4 F 🜨), [81] yielding about 8.8 billion of them for the entire Milky ...

  3. Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

    Earth is rounded into an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Of the four rocky planets, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light-minutes away from the Sun and orbits it, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution.

  4. Earth's circumference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_circumference

    t. e. Earth's circumference is the distance around Earth. Measured around the equator, it is 40,075.017 km (24,901.461 mi). Measured passing through the poles, the circumference is 40,007.863 km (24,859.734 mi). [1] Measurement of Earth's circumference has been important to navigation since ancient times. The first known scientific measurement ...

  5. Figure of the Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth

    t. e. In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography, astronomy and many other purposes.

  6. Giant-impact hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis

    The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Theia Impact, is an astrogeology hypothesis for the formation of the Moon first proposed in 1946 by Canadian geologist Reginald Daly. The hypothesis suggests that the Early Earth collided with a Mars -sized protoplanet of the same orbit approximately 4.5 billion years ago in the early Hadean eon ...

  7. Titius–Bode law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titius–Bode_law

    Titius–Bode law. The Titius–Bode law (sometimes termed simply Bode's law) is a formulaic prediction of spacing between planets in any given planetary system. The formula suggests that, extending outward, each planet should be approximately twice as far from the Sun as the one before.

  8. Surface gravity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_gravity

    For example, the recently discovered planet, Gliese 581 c, has at least 5 times the mass of Earth, but is unlikely to have 5 times its surface gravity. If its mass is no more than 5 times that of the Earth, as is expected, [6] and if it is a rocky planet with a large iron core, it should have a radius approximately 50% larger than that of Earth.

  9. Mercator projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection

    The Mercator projection (/ mərˈkeɪtər /) is a conformal cylindrical map projection first presented by Flemish geographer and mapmaker Gerardus Mercator in 1569. In the 18th century, it became the standard map projection for navigation due to its property of representing rhumb lines as straight lines.