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André Guinier (1 August, 1911 – 3 July, 2000) was a French physicist and crystallographer who did pioneering work in the field of X-ray diffraction and solid-state physics. He was credited for the discovery and developments of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) into an indispensable tool for materials science and crystallography. [2] [3]
When Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895 [1] physicists were uncertain of the nature of X-rays, but suspected that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation.The Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation was well accepted, and experiments by Charles Glover Barkla showed that X-rays exhibited phenomena associated with electromagnetic waves, including transverse polarization and ...
Laue was born in Pfaffendorf, now part of Koblenz, Germany, to Julius Laue and Minna Zerrenner.In 1898, after passing his Abitur in Strassburg, he began his compulsory year of military service, after which in 1899 he started to study mathematics, physics, and chemistry at the University of Strassburg, the University of Göttingen, and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU).
They produced the first X-ray diffraction photographs of the "wet form B" (B-DNA) paracrystalline arrays of highly hydrated DNA. In 1952 Gosling made the best X-ray diffraction image of DNA known as Photo 51. [8] This piece of evidence helped Francis Crick and James D. Watson to decipher the correct chemical structure.
Diffraction from a large three-dimensional periodic structure such as many thousands of atoms in a crystal is called Bragg diffraction. It is similar to what occurs when waves are scattered from a diffraction grating. Bragg diffraction is a consequence of interference between waves reflecting from many different crystal planes.
Photo 51 is an X-ray based fiber diffraction image of a paracrystalline gel composed of DNA fiber [1] taken by Raymond Gosling, [2] [3] a postgraduate student working under the supervision of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College London, while working in Sir John Randall's group.
The first X-ray diffraction experiment was conducted in 1912 by Max von Laue, [7] while electron diffraction was first realized in 1927 in the Davisson–Germer experiment [8] and parallel work by George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid. [9] These developed into the two main branches of crystallography, X-ray crystallography and electron ...
An X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized enzyme. The pattern of spots (reflections) and the relative strength of each spot (intensities) can be used to determine the structure of the enzyme. The relative intensities of the reflections provides information to determine the arrangement of molecules within the crystal in atomic detail.