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California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. After contact with Spanish explorers, many of the Native Americans died from foreign diseases. Finally, in the 19th century there was a genocide by United States government and private citizens, which is known as the California genocide. [1]
Before 1768: An enlargeable territorial map of California tribal groups and languages prior to European contact within the modern day borders. Before 1768 : An enlargeable map of the world showing the dividing lines for; Pope Alexander VI 's Inter caetera papal bull (1493), the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and the Treaty of Saragossa (1529).
Before Europeans landed in North America, about one-third of all natives in what is now the United States were living in the area that is now California. [2] California indigenous language diversity numbered 80 to 90 languages and dialects, some surviving to the present although endangered. [3] Native American shell fish hook from California.
These California land grants were made by Spanish (1784–1821) and Mexican (1822–1846) authorities of Las Californias and Alta California to private individuals before California became part of the United States of America. [1] Under Spain, no private land ownership was allowed, so the grants were more akin to free leases.
The borders encompass the historic homelands of the Indigenous peoples of California, in numerous tribal territories present for over 10,000 years. The region was claimed for Spain in 1542, later becoming a Spanish colony (1768—1821), a territory of independent Mexico (1821—1848), and a provisional territory of the U.S. (1848-1850).
The Province of Las Californias (Spanish: Provincia de las Californias) was a Spanish Empire province in the northwestern region of New Spain.Its territory consisted of the entire U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, parts of Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.
As used in this article, the term "west coast of North America" means a contiguous region of that continent bordering the Pacific Ocean: all or parts of the U.S. states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California; all or parts of British Columbia and the Yukon in Canada; all or part of the Mexican states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima ...
An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300230697. Merry, Robert W. (2010). A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743297448. Scarry, Robert J. (2001).