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Noer was born in Medan, North Sumatra on 9 February 1926. [1] He was a Minang descent, from Bukittinggi, West Sumatra. [2] After graduating from high school, he attended to Universitas Nasional and became a chairman of Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam. [1]
The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia (Indonesian: Demokrasi Liberal), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political history, when the country was under a liberal democratic system. During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw ...
Nasakom (Indonesian: Nasionalisme, Agama, Komunisme), which stands for nationalism, religion and communism, was a political concept coined by President Sukarno.This concept prevailed in Indonesia from 1959 during the Guided Democracy Era until the New Order, in 1966.
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Miriam Budiardjo (20 November 1923, Kediri – 8 January 2007, Jakarta) was an Indonesian political scientist and diplomat. Budiardjo was Deputy Chair of the Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights, and she has been credited with co-founding the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Indonesia, of which she was Dean for 5 years. [1]
A democracy is widely considered consolidated when several or all of the following conditions are met. Firstly, there must be a durability or permanence of democracy over time, including (but by no means limited to) adherence to democratic principles such as rule of law, independent judiciary, competitive and fair elections, and a developed civil society. [5]
In political science, the waves of democracy or waves of democratization are major surges of democracy that have occurred in history. Although the term appears at least as early as 1887, [1] it was popularized by Samuel P. Huntington, a political scientist at Harvard University, in his article published in the Journal of Democracy and further expounded in his 1991 book, The Third Wave ...
Pancasila (Indonesian: [pantʃaˈsila] ⓘ) is the official, foundational philosophical theory of Indonesia.The name is made from two words originally derived from Sanskrit: "pañca" ("five") and "śīla" ("principles", "precepts").