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The theory of space exploration had a solid basis in the Russian Empire before the First World War with the writings of the Russian and Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), who published pioneering papers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on astronautic theory, including calculating the Rocket equation and in 1929 introduced the concept of the multistaged rocket.
The 3MV planetary probe (short for 3rd generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet unmanned probes to Mars and Venus. [1] It was an incremental improvement of earlier 2MV probes and was used for Zond 1, Zond 2 and Zond 3 missions to Mars as well as several Venera probes.
The 1MV planetary probe (short for 1st generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet uncrewed probes to Mars and Venus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was standard practice of the Soviet space program to use standardized components as much as possible.
Study of remote regions of circumterrestrial space, development of new on-board systems and units of space stations. Returned to Earth 7 March 1968 – Self destruct system automatically blew up the capsule at 10 to 15 km (6.2 to 9.3 mi) altitude, 180–200 km (110–120 mi) off the African coast at Guinea. Zond 1968A. Launched 23 April 1968
Mars 1, also known as 1962 Beta Nu 1, Mars 2MV-4 and Sputnik 23, was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962, [3] [4] the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km (6,800 mi).
Artificial satellites and space probes in the 1990s Year Origin Name Target Status Description 1990 US/ Europe: Ulysses: Sun: Success: Ulysses solar flyby Japan: Hiten: Moon: Success: Hiten probe, this was the first non-United States or USSR probe to reach the Moon US/ Europe: Hubble Space Telescope: Earth: Success: Launch of the Hubble Space ...
The Soviet Space Program brought about numerous advances such as Sputnik 1. [88] However, before the institution of the satellite probe, technology needed to be developed in order to ensure the success of the satellite. In order for the probe to be successful in space, a mechanism needed to be developed to get the object outside Earth's atmosphere.
The 2MV planetary probe (short for 2nd generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet uncrewed probes to Mars and Venus. [ 1 ] It was an incremental improvement of earlier 1MV probes and was used for the Venera 5 and Venera 6 missions to Venus.