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In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (/ ˈ ɪ m r æ d /) (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) [1] is a common organizational structure for the format of a document. IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.
[23] [24] Usually between 100 and 200 words, the informative abstract summarizes the paper's structure, its major topics and key points. [23] A format for scientific short reports that is similar to an informative abstract has been proposed in recent years. [25] Informative abstracts may be viewed as standalone documents. [23]
A typical APA-style research paper fulfills 3 levels of specification. Level 1 states how a research paper must be organized by including a title page, an abstract, an introduction, the methodology, the results, a discussion, and references. In addition, formatting of abstracts and title pages must be as per the APA manual of style.
A fast abstract, also extended abstract, is a short, lightly reviewed technical article that is usually presented with a short talk at a scientific conference.The length of the document is usually limited to 2 pages (including all text, figures, references and appendices), although some conferences may allow slightly longer articles. [1]
The stages of the scientific method are often incorporated into sections of scientific reports. [39] The first section is typically the abstract, followed by the introduction, methods, results, conclusions, and acknowledgments. [40] The introduction discusses the issue studied and discloses the hypothesis tested in the experiment.
A graphical abstract (or visual abstract [1]) is a graphical or visual equivalent of a written abstract. [2] [3] Graphical abstracts are a single image and are designed to help the reader to quickly gain an overview on a scholarly paper, research article, thesis or review: and to quickly ascertain the purpose and results of a given research, as well as the salient details of authors and journal.
Scientific publications on the World Wide Web (although e.g. scientific journals are now commonly published on the web). Books, technical reports , pamphlets, and working papers issued by individual researchers or research organizations on their own initiative; these are sometimes organized into a series.
A thesis as a collection of articles [1] or series of papers, [2] also known as thesis by published works, [1] or article thesis, [3] is a doctoral dissertation that, as opposed to a coherent monograph, is a collection of research papers with an introductory section consisting of summary chapters. Other less used terms are "sandwich thesis" and ...