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A fiber-optic current sensor (FOCS) is a device designed to measure direct current. Utilizing a single-ended optical fiber wrapped around the current conductor, [1] FOCS exploits the magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect). [2] The FOCS can measure uni- or bi-directional DC currents up to 600 kA, with an accuracy within ±0.1% of the measured value.
The design of the saturable inductor current sensor is similar to that of a closed-loop Hall-effect current sensor; the only difference is that this method uses the saturable inductor instead of the Hall-effect sensor in the air gap. Saturable inductor current sensor is based on the detection of an inductance change. The saturable inductor is ...
Hall effect current sensor with internal integrated circuit amplifier. 8 mm opening. Zero current output voltage is midway between the supply voltages that maintain a 4 to 8-volt differential. The non-zero current response is proportional to the voltage supplied and is linear to 60 amperes for this particular (25 A) device.
They utilize a "current-sense resistor" to convert the load current in the power rail to a small voltage, which is then amplified by the current-sense amplifiers. The currents in the power rail can be in the range of 1 A to 20 A, requiring the current-sense resistor to be a resistor typically in the range of 1 to 100 mΩ.
The sensor circuit is supplied with constant current. A distinguishing feature of the IEPE principle is that the power supply and the sensor signal are transmitted via one shielded wire. Most IEPE sensors work at a constant current between 2 and 20 mA. A common value is 4 mA. The higher the constant current the longer the possible cable length.
A Rogowski coil is a toroid of wire used to measure an alternating current I(t) through a cable encircled by the toroid. The picture shows a Rogowski coil encircling a current-carrying cable. The output of the coil, v(t), is connected to a lossy integrator circuit to obtain a voltage V out (t) that is proportional to I(t).
Eddy current sensors are displacement sensors that use the principle of eddy current formation to sense displacement. These sensors measure shaft displacement in rotating machinery and have been around for many years as they offer manufacturers high-linearity, high-speed measurements, and high resolution. [ 1 ]
Closed-loop regulator circuits using the TL431 are always designed to operate in high transconductance mode, with I CA no less than 1 mA (point D on the current-voltage curve). [8] [7] [2] For better control loop stability, optimal I CA should be set at around 5 mA, although this may compromise overall efficiency. [30] [7]