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Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical effect of light – matter interaction. An ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a medium, will induce a varying refractive index of the medium due to the optical Kerr effect. [ 1 ] This variation in refractive index will produce a phase shift in the pulse, leading to a change of the ...
Lists cover aspects of basic and advanced mathematics, methodology, mathematical statements, integrals, general concepts, mathematical objects, and reference tables. They also cover equations named after people, societies, mathematicians, journals, and meta-lists. The purpose of this list is not similar to that of the Mathematics Subject ...
The Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM), or the Malaysian Certificate of Education, is a national examination sat for by all fifth-form secondary school students in Malaysia.It is the equivalent of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) of England, Wales and Northern Ireland; the Nationals 4/5 of Scotland; and the GCE Ordinary Level (O Level) of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions. [1][2] These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which ...
Presenting mathematics may be hard since the general public suffers from mathematical anxiety and mathematical objects are highly abstract. [209] However, popular mathematics writing can overcome this by using applications or cultural links. [210] Despite this, mathematics is rarely the topic of popularization in printed or televised media.
Radiation pressure. Force on a reflector results from reflecting the photon flux. Radiation pressure (also known as light pressure) is mechanical pressure exerted upon a surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. This includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength ...
Beam of sun light inside the cavity of Rocca ill'Abissu at Fondachelli-Fantina, Sicily. The speed of light in vacuum is defined to be exactly 299 792 458 m/s (approx. 186,282 miles per second). The fixed value of the speed of light in SI units results from the fact that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light.
The history of mathematics deals with the origin of discoveries in mathematics and the mathematical methods and notation of the past. Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales. From 3000 BC the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and ...