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Law enforcement in Spain is carried out by numerous organizations, not all of which operate in the same areas. The Guardia Civil (Civil Guard) is the national gendarmerie force and therefore has a military status. It patrols the entire national territory (including highways and ports), except for those areas that belong to the National Police ...
First attested in English in the early 15th century, originally in a range of senses encompassing '(public) policy; state; public order', the word police comes from Middle French police ('public order, administration, government'), [10] in turn from Latin politia, [11] which is the romanization of the Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeia) 'citizenship, administration, civil polity'. [12]
Whipping was the most commonly used form of punishment, especially in the American South with slaves. Other frequently used punishments included branding, cutting off ears, and placing people in the pillory. These punishments were sometimes harsher, depending on the crimes committed. In Colonial America, executions were less common than in Europe.
Policing in what would become the United States of America arose from the law enforcement systems in European countries, particularly the ancient English common law system. This relied heavily on citizen volunteers, as well as watch groups, constables, sheriffs, and a conscription system known as posse comitatus similar to the militia system.
"Little Spain" was a Spanish American neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan during the 20th century. [31] [32] Little Spain was on 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues. [33] A very different section of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain". [34]
France founded colonies in the Americas: in eastern North America (which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida), a number of Caribbean islands (which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease), and small coastal parts of South America.
The British model of policing influenced policing in the United States; [22] [23] the principles informed the American community policing movement in the 1960s and are still a component of more recent policing doctrine. [24] American law-enforcement reformer William Bratton called them "my bible" in 2014, [25] but others commented in 2020 that ...
Spanish Empire in 1790. In North America, Spain claimed lands west of the Mississippi River and the Pacific coast from California to Alaska, but it did not control them on the ground. The crown constructed missions and presidios in coastal California and sent maritime expeditions to the Pacific Northwest to assert sovereignty.