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Reverse osmosis is a more economical way to concentrate liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment. Concentration of orange and tomato juice has advantages including a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as protein and enzymes .
Membrane scaling is when one or more sparingly soluble salts (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, etc.) precipitate and form a dense layer on the membrane surface in reverse osmosis (RO) applications. [1] Figures 1 and 2 show scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the RO membrane surface without and with scaling, respectively.
A reverse osmosis plant is a manufacturing plant where the process of reverse osmosis takes place. Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination, wastewater treatment ...
Particularly important are distillation (desalination of seawater) and reverse osmosis. Thermal Bringing water to its boiling point (about 100 °C or 212 F at sea level), is the oldest and most effective way since it eliminates most microbes causing intestinal disease, [ 19 ] but it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. [ 20 ]
In CDI, the energy cost per volume of treated water scales approximately with the amount of removed salt, while in other technologies such as reverse osmosis, desalination energy scales roughly with volume of treated water. This makes CDI a viable solution for desalination of low salt content streams, or more specifically, brackish water.
The most common means for removing water hardness rely on ion-exchange resin or reverse osmosis. Other approaches include precipitation methods and sequestration by the addition of chelating agents. Distillation and reverse osmosis are the most widely used two non-chemical methods of water softening.
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