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  2. Blackboxing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboxing

    In science studies, the social process of blackboxing is based on the abstract notion of a black box. To cite Bruno Latour, blackboxing is "the way scientific and technical work is made invisible by its own success. When a machine runs efficiently, when a matter of fact is settled, one need focus only on its inputs and outputs and not on its ...

  3. Teleonomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleonomy

    The concept of teleonomy was largely developed by Mayr and Pittendrigh to separate biological evolution from teleology. Pittendrigh's purpose was to enable biologists who had become overly cautious about goal-oriented language to have a way of discussing the goals and orientations of an organism's behaviors without inadvertently invoking teleology.

  4. Black box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box

    In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a system which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Its implementation is "opaque" (black).

  5. Process science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_science

    Process science is the method of describing change from an inquiry-oriented process perspective. [1] [2] [3] Process science includes algorithms, heuristics, and sequences found in psychology, linguistics, anthropology, politics, and economics. [4] In sociology, processes are temporal. [5] In computer science, a process is the collective input ...

  6. Process thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_Thinking

    The step-by-step mechanism of process thinking is a prominent part of cognitive behavioral thinking, which was developed by psychiatrist Aaron Beck. [2] In the 1960s, Beck developed a therapy which relies on the idea that thoughts affect feelings, and that good mental habits are systematically built up one step at a time.

  7. Glossary of biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology

    This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...

  8. Process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process

    Process (anatomy), a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body Biological process, a process of a living organism; Cognitive process, such as attention, memory, language use, reasoning, and problem solving

  9. Biotechnology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology

    A biologist conducting research in a biotechnology laboratory. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.