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Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning.The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
A deep stacking network (DSN) [31] (deep convex network) is based on a hierarchy of blocks of simplified neural network modules. It was introduced in 2011 by Deng and Yu. [32] It formulates the learning as a convex optimization problem with a closed-form solution, emphasizing the mechanism's similarity to stacked generalization. [33]
The plain transformer architecture had difficulty converging. In the original paper [1] the authors recommended using learning rate warmup. That is, the learning rate should linearly scale up from 0 to maximal value for the first part of the training (usually recommended to be 2% of the total number of training steps), before decaying again.
An artificial neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, inspired by a simplification of neurons in a brain.Here, each circular node represents an artificial neuron and an arrow represents a connection from the output of one artificial neuron to the input of another.
Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language that is popular in artificial intelligence. [1] It has a simple, flexible and easily readable syntax. [2] Its popularity results in a vast ecosystem of libraries, including for deep learning, such as PyTorch, TensorFlow, Keras, Google JAX.
Neural Designer, a commercial deep learning tool for predictive analytics. [87] Neuroph, a Java neural network framework. [88] OpenCog, a GPL-licensed framework for artificial intelligence written in C++, Python and Scheme. [15] PolyAnalyst: A commercial tool for data mining, text mining, and knowledge management. [89]
Generative artificial intelligence (generative AI, GenAI, [1] or GAI) is a subset of artificial intelligence that uses generative models to produce text, images, videos, or other forms of data. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] These models learn the underlying patterns and structures of their training data and use them to produce new data [ 5 ] [ 6 ] based on ...