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Allergic-like reactions and methemoglobinemia have been documented after the use of methylene blue dye in chromopertubation. [9] These reported symptoms vary from blue discoloration of body fluids to anaphylactic shock. [10] Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder that can potentially result in various levels of cyanosis. [11]
Tissue-air ratio is defined as the ratio of the dose to water at a given depth to the dose in air measured with a buildup cap: = (,) (,) where D(f,z) is the dose at a given depth z and distance focus-detector f; and D(f,0) is the dose in air (z=0).
The first video-assisted laparoscopic surgery was performed in 1987, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [54] Before this time, the operating field was visualised by surgeons directly via a laparoscope. In 1987, Alfred Cuschieri performed the first minimally invasive surgery in the UK with his team at Ninewells Hospital after working with multiple ...
The radiation sensitivity of the liver parenchyma limits the radiation dose that can be delivered via external beam radiotherapy. SIRT, on the other hand, involves the direct insertion of radioactive microspheres to a region, resulting in a local and targeted deposition of radioactive dose. It is therefore well-suited for treatment of liver tumors.
Since treatment usually involves dealing with the underlying condition, cases of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema may require nothing more than bed rest, medication to control pain, and perhaps supplemental oxygen. [5] Breathing oxygen may help the body to absorb the subcutaneous air more quickly. [10]
The lungs are a radiosensitive organ, and radiation pneumonitis can occur leading to pulmonary insufficiency and death (100% after exposure to 50 gray of radiation) in a few months. Radiation pneumonitis is characterized by: Loss of epithelial cells; Edema; Inflammation; Occlusions airways, air sacs and blood vessels; Fibrosis
Most men can return to work or normal daily activities within a few days. LDR brachytherapy has fewer side-effects with less risk of incontinence or impotence than other treatment options. [7] It is a popular alternative to major surgery (conventional radical prostatectomy or laparoscopic (keyhole surgery) radical prostatectomy). [citation needed]
The cost of small volume production of the relevant radionuclides is high. [24] The cost of Lutathera, a commercial 177 Lu-DOTATATE product, has been quoted by the manufacturer as £71,500 (€80,000 or $94,000 in July 2018) for 4 administrations of 7.4 GBq. [25]