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  2. Power rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_rule

    The power rule for differentiation was derived by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, each independently, for rational power functions in the mid 17th century, who both then used it to derive the power rule for integrals as the inverse operation. This mirrors the conventional way the related theorems are presented in modern basic ...

  3. Power law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law

    To the right is the long tail, and to the left are the few that dominate (also known as the 80–20 rule). In statistics, a power law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a relative change in one quantity results in a relative change in the other quantity proportional to the change raised to a constant exponent: one ...

  4. Differentiation rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules

    The elementary power rule generalizes considerably. The most general power rule is the functional power rule: for any functions f and g, () ...

  5. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    The definition of exponentiation can be extended in a natural way (preserving the multiplication rule) to define for any positive real base and any real number exponent . More involved definitions allow complex base and exponent, as well as certain types of matrices as base or exponent.

  6. Matrix exponential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_exponential

    The proof of this identity is the same as the standard power-series argument for the corresponding identity for the exponential of real numbers. That is to say, as long as X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} commute , it makes no difference to the argument whether X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} are numbers or matrices.

  7. Oligarchy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy

    Throughout history, power structures considered to be oligarchies have often been viewed as coercive, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered the use of the term as meaning rule by the rich, contrasting it with aristocracy, arguing that oligarchy was the perverted form of aristocracy. [4]

  8. Exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

    The power series definition of the exponential function makes sense for square matrices (for which the function is called the matrix exponential) and more generally in any unital Banach algebra B. In this setting, e 0 = 1, and e x is invertible with inverse e −x for any x in B.

  9. Rule of law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law

    The ancient concept of rule of law can be distinguished from rule by law, according to political science professor Li Shuguang: "The difference ... is that, under the rule of law, the law is preeminent and can serve as a check against the abuse of power. Under rule by law, the law is a mere tool for a government, that suppresses in a legalistic ...