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Urban evolution refers to the heritable genetic changes of populations in response to urban development and anthropogenic activities in urban areas. Urban evolution can be caused by non-random mating, mutation , genetic drift , gene flow , or evolution by natural selection . [ 1 ]
The second is called the urban facilitation model, and suggests that in some populations, gene flow is enabled by anthropogenic changes to the landscape. Urban facilitation of gene flow connects populations, reduces isolation, and increases gene flow into an area which would otherwise not have this specific genome composition. [23]
Subsequently, this leads to less gene flow between distantly separated populations, in turn decreasing the genetic diversity of each of the areas. [15] Likewise, urbanization has been shown to impact the gene flow of distinctly different species (ex. mice and bats) in similar ways.
The level of gene flow impacts its effects on local adaptation, high gene flow tends to reduce local adaptation whereas low gene flow can increase local adaptation. [17] High gene flow is when there is a lot of new genetic material entering the population often and low gene flow is when a population occasionally gets new genetic material.
Gene flow is hindered by mountain ranges, oceans and deserts or even human-made structures such as the Great Wall of China, which has hindered the flow of plant genes. [51] Gene flow is the exchange of genes between populations or species, breaking down the structure. Examples of gene flow within a species include the migration and then ...
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FST ratios for all populations increased with geographical distance in all three rock pool sites, indicating a small-scale isolation-by-distance pattern. Research shows that a distance of 50 meters is an important constraint on the effective dispersal and gene flow for fairy shrimp. [11]
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